Present simple, past simple i present perfect: tabela i vežbe
· 9 min čitanja · Autor: Redakcija EasyPass
Present simple, past simple i present perfect su tri engleska vremena koja se najčešće uče, i koja se najčešće mešaju. Present simple se koristi za navike, ponavljane radnje i opšte istine (I work every day). Past simple je za radnju koja je završena u određenom trenutku u prošlosti (I worked yesterday). Present perfect povezuje prošlost sa sadašnjošću: za iskustvo, za posledicu koja se vidi sada ili za radnju koja je počela ranije i još traje (I have worked here since 2020).
U nastavku su tabele sa građenjem sva tri vremena, signalne reči, uporedna tabela, greške koje prave govornici srpskog i 15 rečenica za vežbu sa rešenjima.
Kada se koristi present simple?
Present simple koristiš za:
- navike i rutinu: I get up at 7. She plays tennis on Saturdays.
- opšte istine i činjenice: Water boils at 100 degrees. The Sun rises in the east.
- stanja i osećanja (glagoli like, love, know, want, need, believe): I know the answer.
- rasporede i vozne redove: The train leaves at 6.15.
Kako se gradi present simple?
| Oblik | Pravilo | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| Potvrdni | I/you/we/they + glagol; he/she/it + glagol + -s | I work. She works. |
| Odrični | don't / doesn't + osnovni glagol | I don't work. She doesn't work. |
| Upitni | Do / Does + subjekat + osnovni glagol? | Do you work? Does she work? |
Pravopis za -s u trećem licu jednine:
- posle -s, -sh, -ch, -x i -o dodaje se -es: watches, washes, goes, does,
- suglasnik + y daje -ies: study → studies, ali samoglasnik + y ostaje: play → plays,
- have u trećem licu glasi has.
Kada je u rečenici does, glagol se vraća u osnovni oblik: Does she work? (ne Does she works?)
Signalne reči: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, every day, every week, on Mondays, once a week, twice a year.
Prilozi učestalosti stoje ispred glavnog glagola, a iza glagola be: She always walks to school. She is always late.
Kada se koristi past simple?
Past simple je za radnju koja je počela i završila se u prošlosti, kada znaš ili se podrazumeva kada se desila: juče, prošle godine, pre dve nedelje, kada si bio dete. To je i glavno vreme za pričanje priča.
Kako se gradi past simple?
| Oblik | Pravilo | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| Potvrdni | pravilni glagoli + -ed; nepravilni imaju poseban oblik | I worked. I went. |
| Odrični | didn't + osnovni glagol | I didn't work. I didn't go. |
| Upitni | Did + subjekat + osnovni glagol? | Did you work? Did you go? |
Isto kao kod does: posle did glagol je u osnovnom obliku. Did you go? (ne Did you went?)
Glagol be ima dva oblika: I/he/she/it was, you/we/they were. U odričnoj i upitnoj rečenici ne koristi did: I wasn't at home. Were you at school?
Pravopis za -ed:
- glagol na -e dobija samo -d: live → lived,
- suglasnik + y daje -ied: study → studied, ali play → played,
- kratki glagoli na suglasnik-samoglasnik-suglasnik udvajaju poslednje slovo: stop → stopped, plan → planned.
Signalne reči: yesterday, last night, last week, last year, ago (two days ago), in 2019, when I was a child, then.
Kada se koristi present perfect?
Present perfect se gradi od have/has + treći oblik glagola (past participle). Kod pravilnih glagola treći oblik je isti kao past simple (worked), a nepravilne treba naučiti (gone, seen, written).
| Oblik | Pravilo | Primer |
|---|---|---|
| Potvrdni | have / has + treći oblik | I have worked. She has gone. |
| Odrični | haven't / hasn't + treći oblik | I haven't worked. She hasn't gone. |
| Upitni | Have / Has + subjekat + treći oblik? | Have you worked? Has she gone? |
Koristiš ga u četiri situacije:
- Životno iskustvo, bez navođenja kada: I have been to London. Have you ever eaten sushi?
- Radnja koja je počela u prošlosti i traje do sada: I have lived here since 2010. I have known her for five years.
- Nedavna radnja čija se posledica vidi sada: I have lost my keys (i sad ne mogu da uđem). She has just left.
- Period koji još nije završen: I have drunk three coffees today. We haven't had a test this week.
Signalne reči: ever, never, already, yet, just, since, for, so far, recently, lately, how long.
Since ili for?
- since + trenutak kada je radnja počela: since Monday, since 2010, since I was a child,
- for + trajanje: for two years, for a week, for a long time.
U srpskom kažeš „živim ovde od 2010“ i „živim ovde već pet godina“, oba puta u sadašnjem vremenu. U engleskom obe rečenice idu u present perfect, a pomaže pitanje: da li posle ide tačka u vremenu (since) ili trajanje (for)?
Gde stoje already, just i yet?
- already i just stoje između have i trećeg oblika: I have already finished. She has just arrived.
- yet stoji na kraju odrične ili upitne rečenice: I haven't finished yet. Have you finished yet?
U američkom engleskom se u razgovoru uz just, already i yet često čuje i past simple (Did you eat yet?). U školskim zadacima ovog tipa ipak se očekuje present perfect.
Najčešći nepravilni glagoli
| Osnovni oblik | Past simple | Treći oblik | Značenje |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | been | biti |
| go | went | gone | ići |
| see | saw | seen | videti |
| do | did | done | raditi |
| have | had | had | imati |
| make | made | made | praviti |
| take | took | taken | uzeti |
| write | wrote | written | pisati |
| eat | ate | eaten | jesti |
| buy | bought | bought | kupiti |
| come | came | come | doći |
| know | knew | known | znati |
| give | gave | given | dati |
Koja je razlika između past simple i present perfect?
Postavi sebi jedno pitanje: da li je vreme radnje završeno i poznato? Ako jeste (yesterday, in 2019, last week), koristi past simple. Ako vreme nije važno ili period još traje, koristi present perfect.
| Past simple | Present perfect |
|---|---|
| I lost my keys yesterday. (prošlost, poznato kada) | I have lost my keys. (i dalje ih nemam) |
| I lived in Novi Sad for three years. (više ne živim tamo) | I have lived in Novi Sad for three years. (i dalje živim tamo) |
| Did you see the film last night? | Have you ever seen this film? |
| I went to Paris in 2019. | I have been to Paris. (iskustvo, nije važno kada) |
| When did you arrive? | How long have you been here? |
Pitanje sa When uvek ide uz past simple: When did you arrive? Nikad When have you arrived?
Uporedna tabela: present simple, past simple i present perfect
| Present simple | Past simple | Present perfect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Građenje | glagol (+ -s u 3. licu) | glagol + -ed / 2. oblik | have/has + 3. oblik |
| Odrično | don't / doesn't + glagol | didn't + glagol | haven't / hasn't + 3. oblik |
| Upitno | Do/Does …? | Did …? | Have/Has …? |
| Kada | navike, istine, stanja | završena radnja u poznatom trenutku | iskustvo, posledica, radnja koja traje |
| Signalne reči | always, usually, every day | yesterday, ago, last week, in 2019 | ever, never, already, yet, since, for |
| Primer | I play football every week. | I played football yesterday. | I have played football since I was six. |
Koje greške prave govornici srpskog?
Srpski ima jedno prošlo vreme za sve tri situacije i sadašnje vreme za radnju koja traje „od“ nekog trenutka. Zato se ove greške ponavljaju:
| Pogrešno | Tačno | Zašto |
|---|---|---|
| I live here since 2010. | I have lived here since 2010. | radnja traje do sada, uz since ide present perfect |
| I know him for ten years. | I have known him for ten years. | isto: traje do sada, uz for |
| I have seen him yesterday. | I saw him yesterday. | yesterday je završeno vreme |
| When have you come? | When did you come? | When traži past simple |
| I have been in London last year. | I was in London last year. | last year je završeno vreme |
| How long are you here? | How long have you been here? | pita se koliko traje do sada |
| She work in a bank. | She works in a bank. | treće lice jednine dobija -s |
| Does she works? | Does she work? | posle does ide osnovni oblik |
| Did you went? | Did you go? | posle did ide osnovni oblik |
| I am going to school every day. | I go to school every day. | navika ide u present simple |
Proveri znanje: 15 rečenica za vežbu
Upiši glagol iz zagrade u odgovarajućem vremenu: present simple, past simple ili present perfect.
- She ... (work) in a hospital.
- We ... (go) to the seaside last summer.
- I ... (live) in Belgrade since 2015.
- ... you ever ... (be) to Italy?
- He ... (not like) coffee.
- They ... (buy) a new car two weeks ago.
- I ... (already / finish) my homework.
- My brother usually ... (get up) at seven.
- ... you ... (see) Ana yesterday?
- She ... (know) him for ten years.
- Water ... (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.
- I ... (not finish) the book yet.
- When ... you ... (arrive)?
- We ... (not watch) TV last night.
- How long ... you ... (have) this phone?
Rešenja
1. works (činjenica, 3. lice jednine)
2. went (last summer: završeno vreme)
3. have lived (since: traje do sada)
4. Have ... been (ever: životno iskustvo)
5. doesn't like (stanje, odrično, 3. lice)
6. bought (ago: završeno vreme)
7. have already finished (already: present perfect)
8. gets up (usually: navika)
9. Did ... see (yesterday: past simple)
10. has known (for: traje do sada)
11. boils (opšta istina)
12. haven't finished (yet: present perfect)
13. did ... arrive (When: past simple)
14. didn't watch (last night: završeno vreme)
15. have ... had (How long: traje do sada)
U rečenici 3 prihvatljivo je i have been living. To je present perfect continuous, vreme koje naglašava samo trajanje radnje.
U kom razredu se uče ova vremena?
Po programu nastave i učenja engleskog jezika u osnovnoj školi, present simple se javlja od prvog razreda (najpre uz glagol to be), a u trećem razredu se koristi za opisivanje uobičajenih radnji. Past simple pravilnih i najčešćih nepravilnih glagola uči se u petom razredu, a present perfect u šestom, za iskustva i radnje u neodređenoj prošlosti, uz ever, never, just, already i yet.
Kako da ova vremena konačno „legnu“?
Pravila su kratka, a sigurnost dolazi tek kroz mnogo primera i govor. Kada čitaš ili gledaš seriju na engleskom, obrati pažnju na signalne reči i zapiši rečenice koje ti se dopadnu. Ako želiš da vidiš gde ti je sada nivo, uradi besplatni test nivoa engleskog.
Ako ti i dalje nije jasno kada ide past simple, a kada present perfect, profesor engleskog može za nekoliko časova da prođe sa tobom kroz tvoje greške i da ih ispravi tamo gde nastaju, u razgovoru.
